General Dentistry
October 13, 2025
Mouthguards for sports are protective dental devices worn during athletic activities to cushion impacts and prevent oral injuries. They absorb and distribute forces from blows to the face, protecting teeth, gums, lips, and jaw joints. Made from shock-absorbing materials, they create a barrier between upper and lower teeth while cushioning external impacts, significantly reducing injury risk during sports participation.
Sports mouthguards work by absorbing impact energy, distributing forces across the entire guard rather than individual teeth, preventing tooth-to-tooth contact, cushioning jaw joints from jarring impacts, and protecting soft tissues from lacerations. The material compresses upon impact, dissipating energy before it reaches teeth and bone. This multi-layered protection prevents fractures, dislocations, and soft tissue injuries during athletic activities.
Without mouthguards, impacts directly strike teeth causing chips, fractures, or complete tooth loss. Forces transmit through jaw bones potentially causing fractures or TMJ damage. Teeth can cut lips, cheeks, and tongue causing severe lacerations. The brain may experience greater jarring, potentially increasing concussion risk. Unprotected athletes face significantly higher injury rates, expensive dental repairs, and potentially permanent damage or tooth loss.
Mouthguard materials compress upon impact, converting kinetic energy into material deformation rather than tooth damage. This cushioning extends impact duration, reducing peak force magnitude experienced by teeth and jaws. Energy disperses across the entire guard surface rather than concentrating on impact points. The material acts like a shock absorber, significantly decreasing force transmission to vulnerable dental structures and surrounding bone.
Sports mouthguards consist primarily of shock-absorbing thermoplastic material forming the body, retention features gripping teeth to keep the guard in place, breathing channels allowing airflow, bite surfaces providing cushioning between teeth, and sometimes reinforced areas for high-impact zones. Quality guards balance protective thickness with comfort and breathability. Some include straps for helmet attachment in certain sports.
Common materials include ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)most popular for excellent shock absorption and comfort; polyurethane offering durability and flexibility; thermoplastic elastomers providing moldability; and laminated materials combining different layers for optimal protection. Medical-grade materials ensure biocompatibility and safety. Material selection affects shock absorption, comfort, durability, moldability, and protection level. Quality materials are non-toxic, tasteless, and odorless.
Softer EVA materials provide superior comfort and shock absorption but may wear faster with heavy use. Harder materials offer greater durability and protection for high-impact sports but feel less natural. Multi-layer laminates combine soft interior comfort with hard exterior protection. Thicker materials protect better but may affect breathing and speaking. Material selection balances protection needs, comfort preferences, sport intensity, and individual tolerance levels. Protect and restore primary teeth with safe, durable pediatric crowns. Know more about teeth caps for children.
Mouthguards are crucial for preventing devastating dental injuries, reducing concussion risk, protecting jaw joints, preventing soft tissue lacerations, preserving expensive dental work, and avoiding emergency dental procedures. They enable confident athletic performance without injury fear. Studies show mouthguards prevent thousands of oral injuries annually, saving athletes from pain, permanent damage, costly treatments, and potentially career-ending injuries in competitive sports.
High-contact sports like football, hockey, boxing, rugby, lacrosse, wrestling, and martial arts most critically require mouthguards due to frequent direct contact and collision risk. Basketball, baseball, soccer, and field hockey also strongly benefit despite being classified as moderate-contact. Even individual sports like skateboarding, gymnastics, mountain biking, and extreme sports warrant protection due to fall risks and potential facial impacts.
Yes, contact sports without mouthguards pose dramatically higher injury risks. Studies show athletes in contact sports are 60 times more likely to sustain dental injuries without protection. Direct blows to the face commonly occur in football, hockey, and boxing. The American Dental Association reports mouthguards prevent approximately 200,000 oral injuries annually. Unprotected contact sport athletes face exponentially greater risks of permanent tooth loss and jaw fractures.
Yes, many non-contact sports benefit from mouthguards. Gymnastics, skateboarding, cycling, and skiing involve fall risks where facial impacts occur. Basketball and baseball have collision potential despite being non-contact. Even track and field athletes may experience falls. Any sport with falling, collision, or projectile risks warrants protection. While less mandatory than contact sports, non-contact athletes still experience significant dental injuries preventable with mouthguards.
Mouthguards create protective barriers absorbing impact forces before reaching teeth, preventing fractures and avulsions. They cushion lips and cheeks against teeth, preventing lacerations. By maintaining jaw separation, they prevent tooth-to-tooth impacts and reduce force transmission to jaw joints. The shock absorption decreases forces reaching facial bones and the brain. Studies show properly fitted mouthguards reduce dental injury risk by over 90 percent.
Research suggests mouthguards may reduce concussion severity by absorbing some impact forces and stabilizing jaw position, though evidence remains debated. They definitively prevent jaw fractures and TMJ injuries by cushioning impacts and maintaining jaw positioning. While not primarily designed for concussion prevention, the shock absorption and jaw stabilization provide some protective benefit. Their proven effectiveness in preventing dental and jaw injuries alone justifies use regardless of concussion debate.
Long-term benefits include preserving natural teeth throughout athletic careers, avoiding costly dental restorations, preventing chronic TMJ problems from jaw injuries, maintaining proper bite alignment, protecting previous dental investments, and avoiding permanent tooth loss affecting appearance and function. Athletes maintain confidence and performance without injury fear. Preventing even one serious injury typically saves thousands in dental costs, justifying the mouthguard investment many times over. Severe pain, knocked-out tooth, or swelling? Get immediate care. Know more about dental emergency.
Three main types exist: stock mouthguards offering basic ready-made protection at low cost; boil-and-bite mouthguards providing moderate customization through heat molding; and custom-molded mouthguards professionally fabricated from dental impressions offering optimal fit and protection. Each type varies in protection level, comfort, fit quality, retention, breathing ease, speaking ability, and cost. Selection depends on sport intensity, injury risk, budget, and performance requirements.
Stock mouthguards are pre-formed, ready-to-wear guards available in standard sizes requiring no customization. They’re inexpensive ($5-$15) and immediately available at sporting goods stores. They suit very casual recreational activities, temporary emergency replacement, or trying mouthguards initially. However, they rarely fit well, feel bulky, require jaw clenching to stay in place, restrict breathing significantly, and provide minimal protection compared to better alternatives.
Pros: Immediately available, very inexpensive, no fitting required, easily accessible at retail stores, and provide basic impact cushioning. Cons: Poor fit requiring clenching, uncomfortable and bulky, restrict breathing severely, interfere with speech, frequently fall out, provide inadequate protection, often cause gagging, and don’t accommodate individual dental features. They’re suitable only for very casual use or temporary situations not recommended for serious athletes.
Boil-and-bite mouthguards are thermoplastic devices softened in boiling water, then placed in the mouth and bitten to create a custom impression as they cool. They cost $15-$50 and offer moderate customization between stock and custom guards. Popular among amateur athletes, they provide reasonable fit and protection when properly molded. Success depends on careful fitting technique improper molding results in poor fit and reduced protection.
Boil water, submerge guard for specified time (usually 30-90 seconds), remove with slotted spoon, cool briefly to avoid burns, center on upper teeth, bite firmly while pressing guard against teeth and gums with fingers and tongue, hold for 20-30 seconds, remove and cool in cold water. Check fit should stay in place without clenching. If fit is poor, reheat and repeat process. Follow manufacturer instructions precisely for best results.
Custom molded mouthguards are professionally fabricated from precise dental impressions taken by dentists, created in specialized laboratories using quality materials and advanced techniques. They offer perfect fit matching individual mouth anatomy, superior protection through optimal thickness distribution, maximum comfort encouraging consistent use, excellent retention without clenching, natural breathing and speaking, and accommodation of braces or dental work. They’re the gold standard for serious athletes.
The dentist examines your mouth, discusses sport and protection needs, takes detailed impressions or digital scans capturing exact tooth positions and oral contours, and sends specifications to laboratories. Technicians fabricate guards using vacuum-forming or pressure-laminating materials over precise models. The dentist fits the completed guard, makes adjustments for comfort and bite, verifies proper retention and coverage, and provides care instructions. The process typically takes one to two weeks.
Molded mouthguards’ precise fit ensures complete tooth coverage without gaps where impacts could cause damage. Optimal thickness distribution places material exactly where protection is most needed. Perfect retention keeps guards properly positioned during activity without requiring jaw clenching that increases injury risk. Superior materials and professional fabrication ensure consistent quality. The combination of perfect fit, optimal design, and quality materials provides maximum protection unavailable from generic alternatives.
Choosing the right mouthguard involves assessing sport contact level, injury risk, budget constraints, comfort requirements, breathing needs, whether you have braces or dental work, and performance demands. High-contact sports require custom guards; moderate-contact sports benefit from boil-and-bite minimum; low-contact recreational activities may use stock guards temporarily. Professional athletes and anyone with significant injury risk should invest in custom-molded guards for optimal protection and performance.
Consider sport intensity and contact level, injury risk and consequences, budget and value proposition, comfort affecting compliance, breathing requirements for your activity, speaking needs during play, whether you have braces or dental work, jaw sensitivity, previous dental injuries, insurance coverage, replacement frequency, and whether you’re willing to visit a dentist. Serious athletes should prioritize protection over cost preventing one injury justifies premium guard investment.
Perfect fit ensures guards stay positioned properly, covering teeth completely without gaps exposing vulnerable areas. Poor fit allows movement reducing protection and causing discomfort. Adequate thickness (typically 3-4mm) provides sufficient shock absorption too thin offers inadequate protection while excessive thickness restricts breathing unnecessarily. Comfort determines compliance uncomfortable guards often go unworn, providing zero protection. Quality guards balance optimal thickness with precise fit maximizing both protection and comfort.
Absolutely. Restricted breathing reduces oxygen intake, causing early fatigue, decreased endurance, reduced performance, and increased injury risk from exhaustion. Athletes performing at high intensity need unrestricted airways. Well-fitted guards maintain breathing passages while protecting teeth. Bulky, poorly fitted guards obstruct breathing, forcing mouth breathing causing dryness and discomfort. Custom guards optimize breathing channels, allowing athletes to perform at peak levels while maintaining complete protection. Stop grinding and protect your teeth while you sleep. Know more about night guards for bruxism.
Yes, children need guards accommodating growing mouths, erupting teeth, and orthodontic appliances. Youth guards are smaller, may need more frequent replacement as teeth develop, and often require braces-compatible designs. Adult guards fit stable dentition and can last longer. Both age groups benefit from custom guards for optimal protection, but children’s guards require more regular replacement and adjustment as their mouths grow and teeth positions change rapidly.
Youth mouthguards are smaller, accommodate mixed dentition with primary and permanent teeth, often designed for braces compatibility, and need frequent replacement as mouths grow. They may use slightly softer materials for developing teeth. Adult guards fit stable, fully developed dentition, can be thinner for comfort, last longer between replacements, and may use firmer materials for experienced athletes. Both require proper fityouth athletes deserve quality protection despite needing more frequent replacements.
A properly fitted mouthguard stays securely in place without clenching, feels comfortable without pressure points, doesn’t trigger gagging, allows normal breathing patterns, enables clear speech, covers all teeth completely, maintains proper bite alignment, and doesn’t require constant adjustment. You should be able to talk, breathe, and swallow normally. If experiencing looseness, discomfort, breathing restriction, or frequent readjustment needs, the fit is inadequate requiring adjustment or replacement.
A mouthguard should feel snug and secure without causing pain or excessive pressure. It should grip teeth firmly enough to stay in place during activity but not so tight it causes discomfort or restricts jaw movement. You shouldn’t need to clench or bite to keep it positioned. There should be no gaps between guard and teeth, but it shouldn’t press uncomfortably on gums. Proper fit feels secure yet natural you’ll quickly forget you’re wearing it.
Proper maintenance extends mouthguard lifespan and ensures hygiene. Rinse immediately after use with cool water, brush gently with soft toothbrush and mild soap, air-dry completely before storing in ventilated case, avoid hot water that can warp materials, inspect regularly for damage or wear, deep clean weekly with denture cleaner or specialized solutions, and replace when showing wear. Good maintenance prevents bacterial growth, odors, and material degradation.
Immediately rinse with cool water to remove saliva and debris. Brush gently with soft toothbrush using antibacterial soap or mild dish detergent avoid abrasive scrubbing. Rinse thoroughly removing all soap residue. Inspect for damage or wear. Air-dry completely in well-ventilated area before storing to prevent bacterial growth. Weekly, deep clean using denture tablets or specialized mouthguard cleaners following product instructions. Never use hot water, bleach, or harsh chemicals that degrade materials.
Toothpaste is too abrasive, creating microscopic scratches harboring bacteria and degrading materials over time. Most mouthwashes contain alcohol potentially damaging certain plastics with repeated exposure. Instead, use mild antibacterial soap, specialized mouthguard cleaners, or denture cleaning solutions. These products clean effectively without material damage. Rinse thoroughly after any cleaning product. Using appropriate cleaners maintains material integrity, extends guard lifespan, and ensures proper hygiene without causing premature deterioration.
Store in rigid, ventilated cases allowing air circulation while protecting from damage. Ensure guard is completely dry before storing moisture promotes bacterial and mold growth. Keep away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and pets that might chew guards. Never wrap in paper towels or cloth retaining moisture. Clean storage cases regularly with soap and water. Proper storage between uses maintains hygiene, prevents damage, protects your investment, and ensures your guard is ready for next use.
Ventilated cases allow air circulation, enabling complete drying and preventing moisture accumulation that promotes bacterial growth, mold, and odors. Sealed containers trap moisture creating ideal conditions for microorganisms. Ventilation maintains guard freshness and hygiene between uses. Cases also protect guards from physical damage, contamination, and loss. The combination of protection and ventilation ensures guards remain hygienic, damage-free, and ready for safe use whenever needed for athletic activities.
Replace when noticing holes, tears, or cracks; significant thinning in any areas; loose fit no longer staying in place; persistent odors despite proper cleaning; rough or sharp edges developing; visible wear patterns or material degradation; changes in bite feel or jaw alignment; or difficulty breathing through it. Athletes in contact sports should inspect guards monthly and replace annually or sooner with heavy use. Don’t risk inadequate protection from worn guards.
Watch for visible holes, cracks, or tears in material; thin spots where you can see light through; loose fit allowing movement; rough edges that irritate gums; material becoming brittle or discolored; persistent bad odors; bite marks penetrating through material; warping or shape changes; difficulty keeping it in place; and increased discomfort during use. Any significant wear compromises protection effectiveness. Inspect regularly and replace promptly when damage appears protection depends on guard integrity. Fix that chip in just one visit with natural-looking composite bonding. Know more about repairing chipped teeth.
Sports mouthguards are thicker (3-5mm), designed for external impact absorption, use softer shock-absorbing materials like EVA, cover teeth to cushion blows, and prioritize immediate trauma prevention. Night guards are thinner (1-3mm), designed for grinding force distribution, often use harder acrylics, prevent tooth-to-tooth contact, and prioritize long-term wear comfort. Each is specifically engineered for its purpose using wrong type provides inadequate protection for the intended situation.
While possible briefly, sports mouthguards aren’t ideal for bruxism. Their thickness and soft material may encourage chewing and jaw clenching rather than preventing it. Designed for short-duration athletic use, they’re too bulky for comfortable overnight wear, potentially restricting breathing during sleep and triggering gagging. The soft material wears quickly under constant grinding. Night guards using appropriate materials and thickness specifically address bruxism more effectively with better long-term durability and comfort.
Sports guards are thicker for impact absorption, use softer EVA materials, cover more tooth surface area, may include breathing channels optimized for activity, and prioritize external trauma protection. Night guards are thinner for overnight comfort, often use harder acrylics resisting grinding wear, cover teeth minimally while preventing contact, and prioritize extended wear comfort over impact protection. Material hardness, thickness, coverage area, and intended protection mechanism differ fundamentally between types.
Night guards are too thin (1-2mm) for adequate impact protection, use harder materials that don’t absorb shock effectively, lack sufficient coverage for athletic trauma, and may shatter under heavy impacts potentially causing injury. They’re designed for internal grinding forces, not external blows. Using night guards during sports provides false security while leaving athletes vulnerable to serious dental injuries. Always use properly designed sports mouthguards for athletic activities regardless of having night guards.
Sports mouthguards use thick, soft EVA materials specifically engineered to compress and absorb impact energy from external blows, typically handling forces of 200+ pounds. Their 3-5mm thickness and shock-absorbing properties prevent fractures from direct impacts. Night guards use 1-3mm hard acrylic designed to resist grinding wear and distribute bite forces, not absorb sudden impacts. They lack adequate thickness and material properties for sports protection, potentially shattering under athletic-level impacts.
Professional sports dentistry specializes in creating optimal athletic mouthguards through advanced techniques, materials, and fitting processes. Custom molded guards represent the intersection of dental expertise and athletic performance needs. Sports dentists understand biomechanics, impact forces, and performance requirements, creating guards balancing maximum protection with minimal performance interference. This specialization ensures athletes receive scientifically designed protection optimized for their specific sport and individual anatomy.
Dentists begin with comprehensive oral examinations assessing dental health, bite alignment, and specific sport requirements. They take precise impressions using putty or digital intraoral scanners capturing exact tooth positions and oral contours. Specifications including material type, thickness, coverage areas, and design features are sent to specialized laboratories. Technicians fabricate guards using vacuum-forming or pressure-lamination over accurate models. Final fitting appointments ensure perfect comfort, retention, and protection through careful adjustments.
Digital scans and traditional impressions capture precise three-dimensional mouth anatomy necessary for perfect-fitting guards. Digital scanning uses intraoral cameras creating thousands of measurements within minutes, eliminating impression material discomfort while ensuring exceptional accuracy. This data enables computer-aided design optimizing guard geometry and thickness distribution. Traditional impressions remain highly effective when properly executed. Both methods provide the precise anatomical data essential for fabricating custom guards that fit perfectly, protect optimally, and remain comfortable throughout athletic activity.
Professional athletes require maximum protection since injuries could end lucrative careers. Custom guards offer superior impact absorption, perfect retention during intense activity, optimal breathing for peak performance, clear communication with teammates, and comfort encouraging consistent use. They’re willing to invest more for guards that don’t compromise performance while providing the highest protection level available. The precise fit and quality materials justify the cost when careers depend on avoiding injuries.
Precise fit keeps guards properly positioned during intense activity without shifting or falling out, ensuring consistent protection throughout play. Athletes don’t need to clench jaws to maintain position, reducing fatigue and injury risk. Well-fitted guards are thinner while maintaining protection, allowing clearer speech for team communication critical in sports requiring verbal coordination. The combination of secure retention, optimal positioning, and minimal bulk maximizes both safety and on-field performance without compromising either aspect. Stop problems before they start with regular checkups and cleanings. Know more about preventive dentistry.
Recent innovations include smart mouthguards with embedded impact sensors tracking head trauma, advanced multi-layer materials optimizing protection and comfort, custom 3D-printed guards from digital scans, antimicrobial materials preventing bacterial growth, improved breathability designs, thinner yet stronger materials, and eco-friendly biodegradable options. Technology integration helps monitor athlete safety, while material science advances provide better protection with less bulk. These innovations enhance both safety and performance for modern athletes.
Yes, smart mouthguards contain accelerometers and gyroscopes measuring impact forces, head acceleration, and directional forces during athletic activities. They connect via Bluetooth to smartphones or sideline monitoring systems, providing real-time data on potential concussive impacts. Coaches and medical staff receive immediate alerts when impacts exceed safe thresholds, enabling prompt evaluation and intervention. These devices help identify potentially dangerous hits that might otherwise go unnoticed, improving athlete safety through objective impact monitoring.
Embedded sensors detect sudden accelerations and rotational forces during impacts, measuring magnitude, direction, and location. Data transmits wirelessly to apps providing detailed impact analytics including force measurements, cumulative exposure, and comparison to baseline thresholds. Systems track impact history throughout seasons, identifying athletes experiencing dangerous accumulation. Some models also monitor bite force, jaw positioning, and performance metrics. This objective data aids medical decisions about return-to-play timing and identifies athletes needing further evaluation concerning impacts.
Advanced materials include gel-cushioned laminates combining protection with superior comfort, lightweight thermoplastics reducing bulk, nano-technology enhanced polymers offering better shock absorption at thinner profiles, antimicrobial materials inhibiting bacterial growth, and flexible composites adapting to mouth movements while maintaining protection. Researchers develop materials balancing shock absorption, durability, comfort, breathability, and weight reduction. These innovations enable guards providing maximum protection with minimal performance interference and enhanced user comfort encouraging consistent use.
Growing environmental awareness drives development of biodegradable and recyclable mouthguard materials reducing plastic waste. Bio-based thermoplastics derived from renewable resources offer similar performance to petroleum-based materials while reducing environmental impact. Biocompatible materials minimize allergic reactions and oral irritation. While performance and durability remain priorities, sustainable materials increasingly compete with traditional options. As technology advances, eco-friendly guards will likely become standard, allowing athletes to protect themselves and the environment simultaneously without compromising safety or performance.
Turkey offers world-class dental services including professional custom molded mouthguards at competitive international prices. Modern Turkish dental clinics like Vitrin Clinic combine experienced sports dentistry specialists, advanced technology including digital scanning and CAD/CAM systems, high-quality materials, and comprehensive patient care. International patients benefit from excellent value, convenient scheduling, English-speaking staff, and tourism opportunities while receiving top-quality athletic mouth protection from qualified dental professionals.
Vitrin Clinic offers specialized expertise in sports dentistry, advanced digital impression technology ensuring precise fit, experienced technicians fabricating guards to international standards, quality control processes guaranteeing optimal results, comprehensive consultations assessing individual needs, follow-up care including adjustments, competitive pricing maintaining accessibility, English-speaking staff for international patients, and proven track record with positive patient reviews. Their commitment to excellence and modern facilities make them reliable choices for custom athletic mouthguards.
Turkish dental clinics offer exceptional quality at 50-70% lower costs than Western countries, making premium custom guards accessible. Clinics invest in latest technology including digital scanners and CAD/CAM systems. Dentists receive rigorous training meeting international standards. Many clinics specialize in treating international patients with multilingual staff and coordinated care. Turkey’s geographic position enables convenient travel for European, Middle Eastern, and Asian athletes seeking quality affordable sports dentistry services.
Professional custom molded mouthguards in Turkey typically cost $150-$400, significantly less than $400-$800 charged in many Western countries while maintaining comparable quality standards. Exact pricing depends on materials selected, guard complexity, additional features, and clinic location. This affordability makes premium custom protection accessible to more athletes. International patients often combine dental visits with tourism, finding excellent value even including travel costs compared to domestic premium guard prices.
Price factors include material type (EVA vs. advanced composites), guard design complexity, thickness requirements, whether digital scanning or traditional impressions are used, laboratory quality and location, dentist experience and expertise, included follow-up appointments, additional features like antimicrobial treatments, and whether braces accommodation is needed. Premium materials and advanced fabrication techniques cost more but provide superior protection. Vitrin Clinic provides transparent pricing during consultations, explaining options and helping athletes select appropriate guards within budgets.
[sc_fs_multi_faq headline-0=”h3″ question-0=”Can I wear my sports mouthguard if it’s slightly loose?” answer-0=”No, a loose mouthguard won’t offer proper protection—get it adjusted or replaced.” image-0=”” headline-1=”h3″ question-1=”How do I clean and store my mouthguard properly?” answer-1=”Rinse after use, brush gently, and store in a ventilated, dry case.” image-1=”” headline-2=”h3″ question-2=”Can a dentist repair a damaged mouthguard or should it be replaced?” answer-2=”Minor issues may be fixed, but severely damaged mouthguards should be replaced.” image-2=”” headline-3=”h3″ question-3=”What is the difference between a sports mouthguard and a dental night guard?” answer-3=”Sports mouthguards protect against impact injuries, while night guards protect teeth from grinding or clenching during sleep.” image-3=”” headline-4=”h3″ question-4=”How often should athletes replace their sports mouthguards?” answer-4=”At least once a season, or sooner if it’s damaged or worn.” image-4=”” headline-5=”h3″ question-5=”Can a mouthguard improve athletic performance or breathing?” answer-5=”Some custom mouthguards may improve airflow, but results vary by individual.” image-5=”” headline-6=”h3″ question-6=”Are custom molded mouthguards worth the extra cost?” answer-6=”Yes, they offer better fit, comfort, and protection compared to store-bought versions.” image-6=”” headline-7=”h3″ question-7=”Can braces wearers use sports mouthguards safely?” answer-7=”Yes, special mouthguards are designed to fit over braces safely.” image-7=”” headline-8=”h3″ question-8=”How can I tell if my mouthguard fits correctly?” answer-8=”It should feel snug, not cause pain, and stay in place without biting down.” image-8=”” headline-9=”h3″ question-9=”Are there mouthguards specifically designed for boxing or football?” answer-9=”Yes, different sports require sport-specific designs for optimal protection.” image-9=”” count=”10″ html=”true” css_class=””]
O Dr. Faisal Kayali possui mais de 7 anos de experiência clínica e faz parte atualmente da equipe médica da Vitrin Clinic.
